Delivering the world's first 45nm processor to the world

The first processors based on the new Intel 45nm high-k silicon technology deliver many new architectural advancements impacting hardware and software performance. Intel has also moved to 100 percent lead-free materials in our 45nm technology and is making the additional move to halogen-free products in 2008 in order to meet our environmental performance goals. Included in the first 45nm launch are new members of the Intel® Core™2 processor and Intel® Xeon® processor families.

Taking great leaps forward in transistor design

Using a combination of new materials including hafnium-based high-k gate dielectrics and metal gates, Intel 45nm technology represents a major milestone as the industry as a whole races to reduce electrical current leakage in transistors—a growing problem for chip manufacturers as transistors get even smaller.

This new transistor breakthrough allows Intel to continue delivering record-breaking PC, laptop, and server processor speeds well into the future. It also ensures that Moore's Law—a high-tech industry axiom that transistor counts double about every two years to deliver more performance and functionality at decreasing cost—thrives well into the next decade.

Smaller transistors pack the performance punch

Intel's had the world's first viable 45nm processors in-house since early January 2007—the first of fifteen 45nm processor products in development. With one of the biggest advancements in fundamental transistor design in 40 years, Intel 45nm high-k silicon technology can deliver more than a 20 percent improvement in transistor switching speed, and reduce transistor gate leakage by over 10 fold.

Innovation That Breaks the Performance Barrier

Intel® 45nm high-k metal gate silicon technology is the next-generation Intel® Core™ microarchitecture. With roughly twice the density of Intel® 65nm technology, Intel's 45nm packs about double the number of transistors into the same silicon space. That's more than 400 million transistors for dual-core processors and more than 800 million for quad-core. Intel's 45nm technology enables great performance leaps, up to 50-percent larger L2 cache, and new levels of breakthrough energy efficiency.

Brief History of CPU Architecture

For many years, IBM-compatible microprocessors, in a market ruled by Intel, marched along in an orderly fashion: the 286 family, then the 386, then the 486. Each family of processors was more advanced, with a faster array of clock speeds.

The numbering sequence was thrown off in 1993, when Intel introduced its Pentium family to replace the 486 processor, and then again in 1997 when Intel added MMX technology to the Pentium chip to enhance its multimedia capabilities.

Nevertheless, the processor remained in a familiar form: a small, flat chip inserted into a socket on the motherboard, the main circuit board to which all electrical components are attached. Some CPUs fit into different-sized sockets (“Socket 5” and “Socket 7” are two common sizes).

Then came Intel’s Pentium II, which basically merged the capabilities of the home-geared MMX chips and the business-geared Pentium Pros. Instead of a square microprocessor chip, the Pentium II is a larger cartridge, more specifically, a Single Edge Contact (SEC) that consists of the processor and its cache (an area where frequently accessed data and machine instructions are stored), packed into plastic and metal. This cartridge is inserted into a special slot on the motherboard.

TERM TO REMEMBER

Every PC processor has two major, characteristics the generation and the clock speed. A new generation of computer occurs when significant improvements are made to a class of CPUs Generations often are referred to in numbers The oldest PC processors are the 8086 and the 8088, followed by the 286, the 386, and the 486 This numerical progression was interrupted by chip-maker Intel when the company introduced its Pentium processors, the equivalent of the 586. Since then, Intel has introduced the Pentium Pro (686) chip, the Pentium with MMX Technology, and most recently, the Pentium II, which is the fastest of this class of processors. Of course, the other processor makers, led by Cyrix and AMD, continue to release processors with numerical names reminiscent of the Intel line of processors.

Clock speed is the relative measure of the processor’s speed and is measured in megahertz (MHz). Clock speed of a processor is only one factor in a computer’s performance and should never be taken as an absolute measure of a system’s speed, even though some people like to compare clock speed numbers like they compare horsepower in cars. The thing to remember is this: If-and only if all other things are equal-you take two computers of the same generation from the same manufacturer, the one with the higher clock speed will be faster. Clock speed comparisons are only meaningful when you compare two chips of the same generation and manufacturer. For example, you cannot compare the clock speeds of a 486 running at 75MHz and a Pentium running at 150MHz and say the Pentium is twice as fast.

Hard Drive Access

Today’s computers come with large hard drives; storage capacities range from 500MB to more than 40 GB. They tend to work similar to a filling cabinet; just as you don’t climb inside a filling cabinet to work, your computer can’t really work inside your hard drive. When you tell the computer to launch an application or open a document, it retrieves information from hard drive storage and places a copy of it (or a copy of just the portions it needs) into RAM. As a result, the more memory you have, the more applications and files you can work with at one time.

When several programs are open simultaneously, the operating system must swap between them, which means the hard drive has to be accessed frequently. RAM allows programs to be accessed from memory rather than the hard drive. Because memory access is faster than drive access, swap time decreases and performance improves when plenty of RAM is available.

There is no doubt that performance suffers on memory challenged system: Actions execute slowly, and pop-up messages advice that you can’s run a program, create a large file, or print one document while working in another. These error alerts are “out of memory” messages. Your computer is telling you it doesn’t have enough RAM to do what you want. It is not a question of storage; you can have lots of hard drive space and still be short on memory. If you frequently run out of memory while working, it may be time to buy and install some more.